{"id":809,"date":"2010-08-11T20:10:02","date_gmt":"2010-08-11T17:10:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/?p=809"},"modified":"2021-07-19T11:35:59","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T08:35:59","slug":"gida-guvenligini-tehdit-eden-kimyasallar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/gida-guvenligini-tehdit-eden-kimyasallar\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemicals Treating Food Safety"},"content":{"rendered":"

U<\/em>mran Uygun, Hamit K\u00f6ksel<\/em><\/p>\n

Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi G\u0131da M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Beytepe, Ankara<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve g\u0131da \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahip bir konudur. G\u0131dalarda bulunan tehlikeli kimyasallar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlidir ve bunlar g\u0131daya ve yeme \u00fcretim, i\u015fleme, ta\u015f\u0131ma, haz\u0131rlama ve t\u00fcketim a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir noktas\u0131nda bula\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/em><\/p>\n

Assuring food safety is vital for public health and an essential aspect of food production. Chemical hazards in food can be multiple and introduced at any point into the food and feed chain, including during production, processing, retail distribution, food preparation, and consumption. In recent decades, chemical food safety issues that have been the center of media attention include the presence of natural toxins (e.g., mycotoxins, plant toxins), residues of plant protection products, processing-produced toxins (e.g., acrylamide, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and furans), food allergens, heavy metals (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium), industrial chemicals (e.g., dioxins, benzene, perchlorate), contaminants from packaging materials, and unconventional contaminants (melamine) in food and feed. Due to the global nature of the food supply and advances in analytical capabilities, chemical contaminants will continue to be an area of concern for regulatory agencies, the food industry, and consumers in the future.<\/p>\n

It will never be possible to completely exclude the possibility of hazards entering the agro-food chain. Therefore it is vital to know the source of contamination. The ability to trace the products will be an increasingly powerful tool for food safety. Traceability systems provide valuable information of the origin of the contaminated products and expected to contribute food safety significantly.<\/p>\n

No single discipline will be able to provide a definitive answer covering all the multifaceted matters such as animal welfare or genetic engineering. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to manage the complex challenges of food safety. A new scientific perspective and comprehensive research program should be introduced for understanding the origins, mechanisms and toxicity of known contaminants and developing powerful tools and processes to keep them away. New methods such as genomics (the study of genomes, i.e. the complete DNA sequences of organisms), proteomicss (the study of the organism’s complete set of proteins) and metabolomics (the study of the organism’s metabolic products) are widening the research area of food safety.<\/p>\n

Modern gas and liquid chromatography systems with mass spectrometer detectors were responsible for progress in detecting, quantifying, and assessing the risk of food contaminants and adulterants. Although considerable advances have been achieved over the past century in the understanding of the chemical hazards in food and ways for assessing and managing these risks, the contamination problem in food safety is still a major concern not only for developing countries but also for the industrialized world.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve g\u0131da \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahip bir konudur. G\u0131dalarda bulunan tehlikeli kimyasallar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlidir ve bunlar g\u0131daya ve yeme \u00fcretim, i\u015fleme, ta\u015f\u0131ma, haz\u0131rlama ve t\u00fcketim a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir noktas\u0131nda bula\u015fabilir. Son y\u0131llarda, bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, do\u011fal toksik maddeler (mikotoksinler, bitki toksinleri vb.), i\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan toksinler (akrilamid, heterosiklik aromatik aminler, furanlar vb.), g\u0131da alerjenleri, a\u011f\u0131r metaller (kur\u015fun, arsenik, c\u0131va, kadmiyum vb.), end\u00fcstriyel kimyasallar (dioksinler, benzen, perklorat vb.), ambalaj materyallerinden ge\u00e7en maddeler ve hile ama\u00e7l\u0131 kat\u0131lan maddeler (melamin vb.) gibi g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit eden kimyasallar medyan\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. G\u0131da tedarikinin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ve analitik kimya alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, kimyasal bula\u015fanlar konusu mevzuattan sorumlu otoriteler, g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisi ve t\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir konu olmaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da zincirinde zararl\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131n g\u0131daya ge\u00e7i\u015fi hi\u00e7bir zaman t\u00fcm\u00fcyle engellenemeyecektir. Bu nedenle bula\u015f\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin izlenebilmesi g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130zlenebilirlik sistemleri bula\u015f\u0131 olan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn orjini hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flayarak g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tek ba\u015f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir disiplin \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik konular\u0131 kapsayan (\u00f6rne\u011fin hayvan refah\u0131 ya da genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi gibi) b\u00f6ylesi geni\u015f bir alanda kesin bir yan\u0131t veremez. G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bu karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelebilmek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 disiplinlerin bir araya geldi\u011fi yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mlar benimsenmelidir. Bilinen kimyasal tehlikelerin orijini, mekanizmalar\u0131 ve toksisitelerinin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi ve bunlar\u0131n uzak tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak g\u00fcvenilir ara\u00e7 ya da i\u015flemlerin geli\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in yeni bir billimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ve \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma programlar\u0131na gereksinim vard\u0131r. Genomiks (genom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, organizman\u0131n t\u00fcm DNA diziliminin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131), proteomiks (organizman\u0131n t\u00fcm proteinlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131) ve metabolomiks (organizman\u0131n metabolitlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131) gibi yeni y\u00f6ntemler g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletmektedir.<\/p>\n

Modern k\u00fctle spektrometre dedekt\u00f6rl\u00fc gaz ve s\u0131v\u0131 kromatografi sistemleri, g\u0131da bula\u015fanlar\u0131 ve hilelerin nicel ve nitel olarak belirlenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme kaydedilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit eden bu risklerin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve de\u011ferlendirilmesinde \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kimyasal bula\u015f\u0131 problemi yaln\u0131z geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in de\u011fil end\u00fcstriyel \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in de h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir sorundur. Giri\u015f<\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde beslenme gereksiniminin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun beslenmesi i\u00e7in yeterli g\u0131da bulunamamas\u0131 temel bir sorundur. Var olan g\u0131dan\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir olmamas\u0131 ise ilki kadar \u00f6nemli olmaya ba\u015flayan bir konudur. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Otoritesi EFSA’n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 “tarladan \u00e7atala g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi” yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00fcretimden t\u00fcketime zincirde yer alan b\u00fct\u00fcn payda\u015flar\u0131 g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finden sorumlu hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da maddelerinin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden pek \u00e7ok kimyasal madde (\u00c7izelge 1) g\u0131da \u00fcretim zincirinin bir\u00e7ok noktas\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. G\u0131da zincirinin tarladaki \u00fcretiminden, i\u015fleme, son sat\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 ve hatta ev ya da restoranda haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan t\u00fcketime kadar her a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcne bula\u015fabilir ya da \u00fcr\u00fcnde olu\u015fabilirler. Uygun \u00fcretim ve i\u015fleme y\u00f6ntemleri kullan\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, t\u00fcketicinin beklentileri ve se\u00e7icili\u011fine uygun g\u00fcvenilir g\u0131da \u00fcretimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamaz. Hatta uygun i\u015fleme teknikleri uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile hammaddenin besin \u00f6\u011felerinde ve biyo-yararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir azalma ve zararl\u0131 baz\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131n olu\u015fumu s\u00f6z konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden k\u00fcresel bir konu haline gelmi\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u0131da ticaretini etkilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u0131da tedarikinin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ve analitik y\u00f6ntemlerdeki ilerlemeler, g\u0131dalarda bulunabilecek kimyasal bula\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 mevzuattan sorumlu otoriteler, g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisi ve t\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli konulardan biri haline getirmi\u015ftir. G\u0131dan\u0131n men\u015feinin (authenticity) belirlenmesinde kullan\u0131lan ya da g\u0131da bile\u015fimini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ortaya koyabilen yeni analiz y\u00f6ntemleri, bu maddeleri nanogram, fentogram gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeylerde ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde saptayabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Modern k\u00fctle spektrometre dedekt\u00f6rl\u00fc gaz ve s\u0131v\u0131 kromatografi sistemleri, g\u0131da bula\u015fanlar\u0131 ve hilelerin nicel ve nitel olarak belirlenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme kaydedilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son zamanlarda Mass Spectrometer (MS)’de direk ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 (Direct Analysis in Real Time, DART) analiz yapabilen enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131n geli\u015fimi ve immunokimyasal y\u00f6ntemlerde ki geli\u015fmeler bula\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu maddelerin sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00fczerine en \u00f6nemli etkilerinden biri “endokrin bozucu” olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Endokrin bozucular hormonlar\u0131 taklit ederek hormonal sistemi etkilemektedirler. Bu durum kanser, kalp damar hastal\u0131klar\u0131, \u00fcreme bozukluklar\u0131 ve hatta son y\u0131llarda ortaya konuldu\u011fu \u00fczere obeziteye neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu kimyasallar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkileri \u00fczerine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu maddelerin ayn\u0131 g\u0131da maddesinde bir arada bulunmas\u0131 veya g\u00fcnl\u00fck diyette yer alan farkl\u0131 g\u0131dalarla al\u0131nmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirleriyle etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bu, toksisite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan durumu daha da karma\u015f\u0131k hale getirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 n\u00f6rotoksik bula\u015fanlar\u0131n birlikte yarataca\u011f\u0131 toksisite d\u00fczeyi, tek tek olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131 toksisitenin toplam\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek olabilmektedir. Metil c\u0131va ve Poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB)’lerin genellikle birlikte bulunmas\u0131 bu duruma \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. G\u0131dalarda bulunabilecek kimyasal bula\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir d\u00fczey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda birlikte t\u00fcketilmeleri halinde riskin ne olaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmemektedir. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi bu riskin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Akrilamid, dioksin, deli dana (BSE) ya da melamin gibi g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi krizlerine benzer, gelecekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek krizleri \u00f6nceden belirlemek imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olsa bile, baz\u0131 tahminlerde bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem sonucu olu\u015fan bir toksin ya da yeni bir mikotoksinin yak\u0131n gelecekte g\u0131dalarda bulunmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 her zaman vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca son y\u0131llarda \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanan ve baz\u0131 g\u0131da ingrediyenlerinin kaplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ve bu ingrediyenlerin g\u0131daya kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile g\u0131dan\u0131n bile\u015feni olan nanopartik\u00fcllerin insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkileyece\u011fi hen\u00fcz bilinmemektedir. Nanopartik\u00fcller g\u0131da ambalajlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toksik etkisi bulunmayan bir materyalin nano d\u00fczeyde kimyasal ve fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri de\u011fi\u015fmekte ve molek\u00fcl daha aktif hale gelmektedir. Nano d\u00fczeydeki partik\u00fcllerin toksikolojik \u00f6zelliklerinin de de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frayabilece\u011fi ve bu konudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara h\u0131z verilmesi gerekti\u011fi bildirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler de toksikolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan riskler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit eden maddeler grubunda de\u011ferlendirilmektedirler. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 riskleri, yeni \u00fcretilen protein (veya di\u011fer g\u0131da bile\u015fenleri) i\u00e7ermesi ve do\u011fal bile\u015fenlerin d\u00fczeyini do\u011fal varyasyonlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fimin \u00f6tesinde h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenebilir. Genetik modifikasyon sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcnde alerjik proteinler olu\u015fabilmekte ya da toksik bile\u015fenlerin olu\u015fumunu h\u0131zland\u0131racak \u015fekilde metabolik yollar de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frayabilmektedir. Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yarataca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresel risklerin en \u00f6nemlileri ise do\u011fal \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini azaltma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikesi ve hedef olmayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 etkilemesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7izelge 1. G\u0131dalarda bulunabilecek insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden kimyasal maddeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Kimyasal Tehlike<\/td>\nKimyasal bula\u015fan \/ olu\u015fan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131lan kimyasallar<\/td>\nPestisitlerKimyasal g\u00fcbrelerBitkilerde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi d\u00fczenleyen kimyasallar (Bitki hormonlar\u0131)Veteriner ila\u00e7lar\u0131Hayvanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi d\u00fczenleyen hormonlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7evresel ve end\u00fcstriyel bula\u015fanlar<\/td>\nA\u011f\u0131r metaller (kur\u015fun, c\u0131va, kadmiyum vb.) DioksinlerFuranlarPoliaromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH) Poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB)Radyoaktif bula\u015fanlarOrganik kimyasallar (benzen)Organotinler (OTC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Do\u011fal toksik maddeler<\/td>\nMikotoksinler (Aflatoksin, Patulin, Okratoksin, Deoksinivalenol, Fumonisin, Ergot vb.)Bitkisel toksinler (siyanojenik glikozitler, alkoloidler, tripsin inhibit\u00f6rleri, hidrazin, fitohemaglutininler, guvatrojenler, gossipol vb.)Fikotoksinler (tetrodotoksin, ciguatera toksinleri, skombrotoksin, brevatoksinler vb.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alerjenler<\/td>\nGluten i\u00e7eren hububat \u00fcr\u00fcnleriYumurta Bal\u0131k ve kabuklu su \u00fcr\u00fcnleriF\u0131st\u0131k Soya S\u00fct Kuru yemi\u015fler Susam K\u00fck\u00fcrt bile\u015fikleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ambalaj materyallerinden ge\u00e7en maddeler<\/td>\nMonomerler (vinil klor\u00fcr, stiren, akrilonitril)Boyalar (kur\u015fun)Yumu\u015fat\u0131c\u0131lar (fitalatlar)Bisphenol ASemicarbazideAntimonPerfluorooktanoik asit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda bula\u015fan maddeler<\/td>\nAluminyumBak\u0131rDeterjanlarYa\u011flama maddeleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fleme ve depolama s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan maddeler<\/td>\nIs\u0131l i\u015flem sonucu olu\u015fanlar (akrilamid, furan, nitrozaminler, heterosiklik aromatik aminler, poliaraomatik hidrokarbonlar vb.)Is\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen i\u015flemler ve depolamada olu\u015fanlar (trans ya\u011f asitleri, benzen, kloropropanoller, Lizinoalanin, etil karbamat)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hile ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan kimyasallar<\/td>\nG\u0131dalarda kullan\u0131m izni olmayan boyalar (Sudan, para red vb.)Melamin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yeni tehditler<\/td>\nNanopartik\u00fcllerGeneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f g\u0131dalar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri (pestisitler) <\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde y\u0131ll\u0131k pazar pay\u0131 20 milyar dolar\u0131 bulan yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon ton\/y\u0131l bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kimyasallar\u0131n artan D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu beslemedeki rol\u00fc \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00e7evre riskleri nedeniyle en \u00f6nemli kimyasal bula\u015f\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar. Genellikle yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamalara ba\u011fl\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan risklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, do\u011fru kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda bile \u00fcr\u00fcndeki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sorun yaratabilmektedir. Hen\u00fcz bilimin, \u00fcr\u00fcndeki kal\u0131nt\u0131 miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 minimuma indirecek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem bulamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, pestisitler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda izleme, risk y\u00f6netimi ve de\u011ferlendirmesi gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6nemli hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u0131dalarda bulunan pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 agro-kimya ve g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisinin, \u00e7evre ve t\u00fcketici organizasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n, ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 mevzuat ve izleme programlar\u0131ndan sorumlu otoritelerin ortak konusudur. Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) ilgili komisyonu, 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2008 tarihinden itibaren g\u0131da hammaddeleri ve i\u015flenmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki maksimum kal\u0131nt\u0131 limitleri (MRL)’nin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in risk de\u011ferlendirmesinin t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011funu Avrupa G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Otoritesi’ne (EFSA) vermi\u015ftir. Bu tarihten itibaren g\u0131da zincirine girme potansiyeli bulunan bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin aktif maddeleri i\u00e7in MRL’ler AB d\u00fczeyinde uyumlu hale getirilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihten \u00f6nce 250 aktif madde i\u00e7in AB genelinde MRL’ler kullan\u0131l\u0131rken geri kalan\u0131 i\u00e7in ulusal MRL de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

EFSA’n\u0131n, Temmuz 2010 tarihinde yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2008 y\u0131l\u0131na ait pestisit raporunda, 27 Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkesinde 200 farkl\u0131 g\u0131da maddesinin 70.000’den fazla \u00f6rne\u011finde yap\u0131lan pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 (870 aktif madde) analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Raporda \u00f6rneklerin %96’s\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131na izin verilen pestisitlerin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yasal limitlerin i\u00e7inde saptan\u0131rken, 134 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcksek miktarlarda t\u00fcketilmesi halinde akut referans doza ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rneklerin d\u00f6rtte birinde birden fazla kal\u0131nt\u0131 bulundu\u011fu ve AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan g\u0131da maddelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %8’inde de kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n MRL de\u011ferlerini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenilir yasal limitlerin belirlenmesinde kabul edilebilir g\u00fcnl\u00fck doz (ADI) ve akut referans doz (ARfD) gibi toksikolojik iki referans de\u011feri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. ARfD, ADI de\u011ferine benzer olarak bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ya da bir g\u00fcnde al\u0131nacak kal\u0131nt\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. Ancak ADI’dan farkl\u0131 olarak NOAEL (No Adverse Effect Level) de\u011ferinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fi g\u00fcvenlik fakt\u00f6r\u00fc hesaplan\u0131rken bebekler, \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar, hamileler ve hasta gruplar dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da maddelerindeki pestisitler ya da bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca aktif maddenin kendisinden de\u011fil par\u00e7alanma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve metabolitlerinden de kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Aktif maddelere ili\u015fkin detayl\u0131 toksikolojik veriler mevcutken, metabolitler ya da reaksiyon \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin toksikolojisine ili\u015fkin veriler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Buna ek olarak g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde t\u00fcketilen farkl\u0131 g\u0131da maddelerinin i\u00e7erebilece\u011fi ya da ayn\u0131 g\u0131da maddesinde bulunabilecek farkl\u0131 aktif maddelerin birlikte olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 etki (kokteyl etkisi) pestisitlerin maksimum kal\u0131nt\u0131 d\u00fczeyleri belirlenirken dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maddelerin birlikte olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131 sinerjetik etki ya da kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f herhangi bir ulusal ya da uluslararas\u0131 y\u00f6ntem mevcut de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

EFSA risk de\u011ferlendirmesini olu\u015ftururken s\u00f6z konusu b\u00fct\u00fcn bile\u015fenlerin yarataca\u011f\u0131 riski (cumulative risk assessments, CRA) belirleyebilmek i\u00e7in alternatif y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanabilirli\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in Nicel Yap\u0131-Aktivite \u0130li\u015fkisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships, QSARs) bir y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda EFSA taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen bir projede, bilgi-i\u015fleme dayal\u0131 bir tahmin y\u00f6ntemi olarak QSARs modelinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 planlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131 analizlerinin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve az miktarda \u00f6rnekle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer bir konudur ve bu konudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ok k\u0131sa raf \u00f6mr\u00fcne sahip ya\u015f meyve sebzede h\u0131zl\u0131 analizler ekonomik kay\u0131plar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Bu konuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan laboratuarlar analizlerin s\u00fcre ve maliyetini azalt\u0131p, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini art\u0131rman\u0131n aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indedirler.<\/p>\n

QuEChERS, amaca g\u00f6re kolayca modifiye edilebilen, h\u0131zl\u0131 pestisit analizinde yeni bir y\u00f6ntem olarak s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Terim “Quick (H\u0131zl\u0131), Easy (Kolay), Cheap (Ucuz), Effective (Etkili), Rugged (Uygulamas\u0131 basit), ve Safe (G\u00fcvenilir)” s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin k\u0131saltmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur ve “catchers” (yakalay\u0131c\u0131) olarak okunmaktad\u0131r. Kat\u0131-faz ekstraksiyonuyla (SPE) temizleme ve GC-MS ya da LC-MS\/MS ile tan\u0131mlamaya dayanan bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131 80’l\u0131 y\u0131llardan beri h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akdeniz ve Ege B\u00f6lgelerindeki pestisit t\u00fcketimi, \u00fclke toplam\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mise oranla daha fazla say\u0131da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kal\u0131nt\u0131 analizleri, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimizdeki pesitisit kal\u0131nt\u0131 d\u00fczeylerinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak AB \u00fclkelerine ihra\u00e7 edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimizde h\u00e2l\u00e2 pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131 limitlerine uygun olmayan partilere rastlan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2007 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri armutlarda “amitraz” kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sorun oldu\u011fu bilinmekte ve 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda MRL de\u011ferini a\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra ARfD de\u011ferini de a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 AB’nin h\u0131zl\u0131 alarm sistemince bildirilmi\u015ftir. Pestisitlerden kaynaklanan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in yeni yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve re\u00e7eteli sat\u0131\u015f sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yeterli olmamaktad\u0131r. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk alt\u0131 ay\u0131nda t\u00fcm bula\u015f\u0131lar i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 alarm sisteminden al\u0131nan bildirimlerde \u00f6nceki y\u0131llara g\u00f6re bir azalma olmas\u0131 sevindiricidir, ancak belirleyici de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/p>\n

EFSA, EFSA’s Pesticide Risk Assessment Peer Review (PRAPeR), http:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/panels\/praper.htm<\/a>, 2010.<\/p>\n

EUR 23184 EN, European Commision, Assuring Safety in the Food Chain, A European research priority, Publications Office of the European Union, 2009.<\/p>\n

JACKSON, L. S., Chemical Food Safety Issues in the United States: Past, Present, and Future, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 8161\u20138170.<\/p>\n

ROSE, M., Thomson, B., Jensen, A., Giorgi, L. & Schulz, C., Food Monitoring and Control for Environmental Contaminants, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2009, 1, 3, 141 \u2013 203.<\/p>\n

SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA, 2008 Annual Report on Pesticide Residues according to Article 32 of Regulation (EC) No 396\/20051 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy, 15 June 2010.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Umran Uygun, Hamit K\u00f6ksel Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi G\u0131da M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Beytepe, Ankara G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve g\u0131da \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ya\u015famsal \u00f6neme sahip bir konudur. G\u0131dalarda bulunan tehlikeli kimyasallar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlidir ve bunlar g\u0131daya ve yeme \u00fcretim, i\u015fleme, ta\u015f\u0131ma, haz\u0131rlama ve t\u00fcketim a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir noktas\u0131nda bula\u015fabilir. Abstract Assuring food safety is vital for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=809"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":811,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809\/revisions\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=809"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}