{"id":806,"date":"2010-11-02T19:47:02","date_gmt":"2010-11-02T16:47:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/?p=806"},"modified":"2021-07-19T11:34:49","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T08:34:49","slug":"gida-katkilari-ve-sanal-e-tartismalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/gida-katkilari-ve-sanal-e-tartismalari\/","title":{"rendered":"Food Additives and Virtual E Discussion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Prof.Dr.Aziz Ek\u015fi <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi G\u0131da M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>\u00d6zet<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131; bir g\u0131daya, belirli bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmesi i\u00e7in ,bilin\u00e7li olarak kat\u0131lan madde grubunun ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re; \u00f6zellikle  g\u0131da kalitesinin geli\u015ftirilmesi  ve raf \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gereklidir. Zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozlar\u0131 da bilinmekte ve bilinenlere E kodu verilmektedir. T\u00fcketici alg\u0131lamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ise; g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 gerekli de\u011fildir, herhangi bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi  zararl\u0131d\u0131r ve E kodu zararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilimsel do\u011fru ile t\u00fcketici alg\u0131s\u0131  bu kadar farkl\u0131 ise   ciddi bir ileti\u015fim sorunu var demektir. \u00c7o\u011fu t\u00fcketicinin nerdeyse  paranoya d\u00fczeyindeki korkusu bundand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle t\u00fcketicinin bilgilendirilmesi ve g\u0131da kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn etkinle\u015ftirilmesi gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Ka\u015f Yapal\u0131m Derken&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 tehlikeler, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor. Ancak, risk de\u011ferlendirmesi ve buna  dayal\u0131 bilgi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131  alg\u0131lama \u00fczerinden se\u00e7iliyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile , tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131yor. \u00d6nemli konular g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilirken, \u00f6nemsiz konular\u0131n en \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bunlardan biri de ku\u015fkusuz g\u0131da katk\u0131 maddeleridir. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda fakstan faksa iletilen bir g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 listesi vard\u0131. Bu listede 51 g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 yer al\u0131yordu ve bunlar &#8220;zarars\u0131z&gt;ku\u015fkulu&gt;zararl\u0131&gt;tehlikeli&#8221; diye 4 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca ; &#8220;en tehlikeli, kanserojen&#8221; diye tan\u0131mlanan, bir katk\u0131(E330, sitrik asid) daha  vard\u0131. Bu liste gazetelere  &#8220;E  Pani\u011fi&#8221;, &#8220;g\u0131dalara katk\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131&#8221; gibi man\u015fetlerle yans\u0131d\u0131. E kodu&#8217;nun anlam\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan, t\u00fcketiciye bunlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren g\u0131dalardan uzak durmas\u0131 \u00f6nerildi. Fark\u0131nda olmadan; &#8220;ka\u015f yapal\u0131m derken g\u00f6z \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131&#8221;. Ger\u00e7e\u011fin t\u00fcketiciye anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yap\u0131lan inceleme; bu listenin ilk kez 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa&#8217;da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ayn\u0131 liste 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya&#8217;da dola\u015fmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131yor. Bu listenin ger\u00e7ek kayna\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor. Ama art\u0131k bunun \u00f6nemi de yok. Nas\u0131l olsa ger\u00e7ek sanan birileri bulunuyor. Di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n bu listenin zarar\u0131ndan korumay\u0131(!) \u00fcstleniyor. Ve olu\u015fan panik zincirleme y\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni bilgi bo\u015flu\u011fudur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bu listenin y\u00fczeysel bilgi ile haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler i\u00e7ermekte ve t\u00fcketici yan\u0131lt\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yan\u0131lg\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nlemenin  yolu; t\u00fcketicinin do\u011fru bilgilerle bulu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve kafas\u0131ndaki yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerin uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede,  katk\u0131lar\u0131n gereklili\u011finin  ve \u00f6zellikle  toksikolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Ve bu g\u00f6rev, \u00f6ncelikle bilim insanlar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>G\u0131da Katk\u0131lar\u0131 Gerekli Mi? <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131, g\u0131dalar\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca bile\u015fik gruplar\u0131ndan birisidir. Di\u011fer gruplardan fark\u0131, g\u0131daya belirli bir i\u015flevli yerine getirsin diye bilin\u00e7li olarak  kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu i\u015flev g\u0131daya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz zorunlu de\u011fildir. Ancak, helva ya\u011f s\u0131zd\u0131rmas\u0131n, ya\u011fl\u0131 g\u0131da ac\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n, peynirin y\u00fczeyi k\u00fcflenmesin, sucu\u011fun rengi kararmas\u0131n vb. isteniyorsa gereklidir. Ve bunlar, t\u00fcketicinin talebidir. Kald\u0131 ki, talep edenler i\u00e7in  g\u0131dalar\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131z alternatifleri de piyasada bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015flevsel a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u0131da katk\u0131lar\u0131; oksitlenmeyi \u00f6nleyici, asitli\u011fi d\u00fczenleyici, topaklanmay\u0131  \u00f6nleyici, nemli tutucu, tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, renklendirici, lezzet art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, k\u0131vam art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, em\u00fclsifiye edici, yap\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalt\u0131c\u0131, bozulmay\u0131 \u00f6nleyici  gibi  gruplara ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 yeni bir olgu de\u011fildir. Kullan\u0131m\u0131  antik \u00e7a\u011fa  kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00f6rnekleri; baharat, sirke, tuz vb. dir. Ger\u00e7i bunlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki katk\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131na uymamaktad\u0131r ama yeni  katk\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bunun nedeni; g\u0131dalar\u0131n bulunabilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, kalitesinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve besleyicili\u011finin iyile\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan katk\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten gerekli olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancak bu gereklilik, tek ba\u015f\u0131na g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Kullan\u0131lacak bile\u015fiklerin sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli olmas\u0131 da zorunludur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>G\u0131da Katk\u0131lar\u0131 Zararl\u0131 M\u0131? <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zellikle 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak katk\u0131  kullan\u0131m\u0131 belirli ko\u015fullara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde katk\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin kurallar ve ko\u015fullar; JECFA, EFSA gibi uluslararas\u0131 uzman kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6ncelikle, bir maddenin katk\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmesi i\u00e7in belirli kriterlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131  gereklidir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<li>teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan  veya t\u00fcketici be\u011fenisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozunun  belirlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>safl\u0131k kriterlerinin bilinmesi  ve kontrol edilebilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>g\u0131dadaki miktar\u0131n\u0131n analizi  i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli bir y\u00f6ntem bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ku\u015fkusuz bunlar\u0131n her biri \u00e7ok  \u00f6nemlidir ve bunlardan    birisi eksik ise izin verilmemektedir. Ancak, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in &#8220;zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozu&#8221; daha da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ZARARSIZLIK DOZU ve  ADI DE\u011eER\u0130<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Paracelsus(1493-1541)&#8217;a g\u00f6re;&#8221; bir \u015feyin zarars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen yaln\u0131zca dozudur&#8221; . Dilimizde bunu benzer,&#8221;her  \u015feyin az\u0131 karar \u00e7o\u011fu zarar&#8221; diye bir deyi\u015f vard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile bir \u015feyin &#8220;zarars\u0131z&#8221; veya &#8220;zararl\u0131&#8221; oldu\u011fu de\u011fil, hangi dozda zararl\u0131 veya zarars\u0131z oldu\u011fu  \u00f6nemlidir. Dozdan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak bir madde i\u00e7in &#8220;zararl\u0131&#8221; veya &#8220;zarars\u0131z&#8221; diye yarg\u0131ya var\u0131lmas\u0131, en az\u0131ndan bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olan bu zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozu  toksikoljik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla belirlenmektedir. Deney hayvan\u0131(maymun, tav\u015fan, fare gibi) ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar deney  hayvan\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn %80-90&#8217;\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu madde hayvana artan dozlarda verilerek v\u00fccutta birikip birikmedi\u011fi, birikiyorsa hangi organda birikti\u011fi, hasara yol a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve  hasar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak; hayvandaki fonksiyonel(a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k azalmas\u0131, ishal gibi) morfolojik(organ b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi), mutajenik(DNA,gen,kromozom), karsinojenik(t\u00fcm\u00f6r olu\u015fumu), teratojenik(gebelikte yavru), imm\u00fcnotksik(alerji,ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 gibi),n\u00f6rotoksik(davran\u0131\u015f bozuklu\u011fu) gibi etkilenmeler  de ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Belirlenmesi hedeflenen \u015fey, her hangi bir hasar\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da her hangi bir etkinin g\u00f6zlemlenmedi\u011fi en y\u00fcksek dozdur. Buna k\u0131saca NOEL de\u011feri (non observed effect level) denilmektedir. NOEL de\u011feri; deney hayvan\u0131n 1 kg v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mg olarak (mg\/ka.va-hayvan) olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu de\u011fer ne kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse katk\u0131 o kadar zararl\u0131 denilebilir. Fakat bundan daha \u00f6nemli olan, bu de\u011ferin biliniyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hayvan i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan NOEL de\u011feri insana oldu\u011fu gibi uyarlanmamakta, bu de\u011fer bir g\u00fcvenlik fakt\u00f6r\u00fcne b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. Bulunan de\u011fer,  insan i\u00e7in zarars\u0131z g\u00fcnl\u00fck doz ya da ADI(acceptable daily intake) olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r(2):<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">                                   ADI(mg\/kg.va-insan):NOEL \/ g\u00fcvenlik fakt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JECFA taraf\u0131dan uygulanan g\u00fcvenlik fakt\u00f6r\u00fc genellikle 10&#215;10=100&#8217;d\u00fcr.Bu 10&#8217;dan birisi  t\u00fcrleraras\u0131(havan-insan) , di\u011feri ise bireyleraras\u0131(insan-insan) olas\u0131 etkilenme fark\u0131 i\u00e7indir. T\u00fcrleraras\u0131 fark metabolizma, yans\u0131tma vb. bireyleraras\u0131 fark ise ya\u015fl\u0131-gen\u00e7, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131-hasta vb. fakt\u00f6rleri kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00f6ylece hayvan i\u00e7in zarars\u0131z olan de\u011ferin ancak 1\/100&#8217;i insana uygulanarak sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan  yeterli g\u00fcvence sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bir maddeye g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131  izin verilmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan birisi ADI de\u011ferinin ya da insan i\u00e7in zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozunun biliniyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>\u0130zin Verilen Katk\u0131 D\u00fczeyi<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Katk\u0131n\u0131n, g\u0131daya eklenmesine izin verilen  maksimum d\u00fczeyinin hesaplanmas\u0131nda  ADI de\u011ferinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmakta, ancak ba\u015fka fakt\u00f6rlerin de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">            MAX D\u00dcZEY(mg\/kg-g\u0131da): [(VAxADI)- DG\/ GT] 1000<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131da VA insan\u0131n ortalama v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131(kg); DG o katk\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer g\u0131dalardan al\u0131nan miktar\u0131n\u0131(mg\/ki\u015fi.g\u00fcn), GT o g\u0131dan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131n\u0131(gram\/ki\u015fi.g\u00fcn) g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131daki zay\u0131f nokta, g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u0131da t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fidir. Di\u011fer  g\u0131dalardan al\u0131nan miktar\u0131n tahmini de kolay de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c7o\u011fu g\u0131dan\u0131n ADI de\u011feri say\u0131sal olmakla birlikte, say\u0131sal olmayanlar da vard\u0131r. Bunlar,  beklenen t\u00fcketim d\u00fczeyinde herhangi bir zararl\u0131 etkisi beklenmeyen katk\u0131lard\u0131r. Bu durumda ADI de\u011feri NS(not specified) veya NO(no ADI allocated)  olarak tan\u0131mlanmakta, g\u0131dadaki maksimum d\u00fczey ise  GMP(good manufacturing practice\/teknolojinin gerektirdi\u011fi kadar) veya QS (quantum satis\/ miktar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131ts\u0131z) olarak belirtilmektedir(3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130zin verilen g\u0131da katk\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda baz\u0131 kurallara uyulmas\u0131 zorunludur. Bu kurallar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<li>katk\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca izin verildi\u011fi g\u0131dada  kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>g\u0131dadaki miktar\u0131n izin verilen maksimum dozun a\u015fmamas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>g\u0131dada herhangi bir kusurun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olmamas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da etiketinde belirtilmesidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Etiket Bildirimi ve E Kodu <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0131da katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etikette bildirimi i\u00e7in 2 format kullan\u0131labilmektedir. Bunlardan birincisi &#8220;katk\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevi ve ad\u0131&#8221;, di\u011feri ise &#8220;katk\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevi ve E kodu&#8221; dur.\u0130kinci uygulama daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu nedenle t\u00fcketicinin g\u0131da etiketini okumas\u0131 ve E kodunun bilmesi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E kodu, toksikoljik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 tamamlanan ve zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozu belirlenen g\u0131da  katk\u0131 maddelerine verilen uluslararas\u0131 bir simgedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, o katk\u0131n\u0131n NOEL ya da ADI de\u011feri belirlendi\u011fini  ve g\u00fcvenli kulan\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bilindi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu nedenle AB \u00fcye \u00fclkelere, \u00f6ncelikle E kodu belirlenen katk\u0131 maddelerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sistemde her katk\u0131, E ile ba\u015flayan bir say\u0131 ile kodlanmaktad\u0131r.E101-199 renklendiricileri, E200-299  korucular\u0131, E300-399 antioksidanlar\u0131, E400-499 em\u00fclgat\u00f6rleri vb. g\u00f6steren katk\u0131 kodlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E kodu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bir \u00e7ok yarar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<li>baz\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131n kimyasal ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok uzun olmas\u0131(kalsiyum-sodyum etilen daimin tetraasetat gibi),<\/li>\n<li>kimyasal ad\u0131n da t\u00fcketici a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan genellikle anlaml\u0131 olmamas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>baz\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131n sinonimi olmas\u0131 (kurkumin\/turmer\u0131k, azorubin\/karmoisin, ko\u015fnil\/karmen gibi),<\/li>\n<li>ortak bir dil olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin kolayla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yetkili Otorite ve Kontrol Gere\u011fi<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hangi katk\u0131n\u0131n hangi g\u0131dada hangi dozda kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk G\u0131da Kodeksi(TKS) kapsam\u0131ndaki 3 farkl\u0131 tebli\u011fde(4,5,6) yer almaktad\u0131r. TGK&#8217;ni haz\u0131rlamakla yetkili kurulu\u015f ise Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tebli\u011fleri, AB direktifleri paralelinde haz\u0131rlamakta ve T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Tebli\u011f ekinde yer alan izinli g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131, AB&#8217;de oldu\u011fu gibi 300 dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcvenli kullan\u0131lma ko\u015fullar\u0131 bilinen maddelerdir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ADI de\u011feri ya da g\u00fcvenli kullan\u0131lma ko\u015fullar\u0131 bilinse de baz\u0131 katk\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda; renklendiriciler, oksitlenmeyi \u00f6nleyiciler, koruyucular ve tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar gelmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de izinli  koruyucu say\u0131s\u0131 40, renklendirici say\u0131s\u0131 30, oksitlenmeyi \u00f6nleyici say\u0131s\u0131 15 ve tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131  10  dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancak, g\u0131da katk\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ge\u00e7ekle ne kadar ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir de\u011ferlendirmesine dayanmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6te yandan; katk\u0131ya izin verilirken dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131  toksikolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7 yeterince aktar\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcketici g\u0131da katl\u0131lar\u0131na ku\u015fku ile  bakmaktad\u0131r. E kodu  alg\u0131lamas\u0131, eksik  bilginin tipik bir  yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, toksiklojik a\u00e7\u0131dan ADI de\u011feri NS olarak tan\u0131mlanan sitrik asidin(E 330) kanserojen(!) olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve bu tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n tuhaf bir \u00f6yk\u00fcye(7) dayanmas\u0131d\u0131r.  \u0130zinli katk\u0131lar\u0131n  kural\u0131na uygun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda(izin verildi\u011fi g\u0131dada, izin verilen dozda) risk olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131 da  t\u00fcketici taraf\u0131ndan yeterince bilinmemektedir. Ancak bunun  \u00f6nko\u015fulunun  etkili bir kontrol uygulamas\u0131 oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yetkili otoriteden beklenen; g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in tarafs\u0131z, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, bilimsel kan\u0131ta dayal\u0131 bir      &#8220;risk de\u011ferlendirme sistemi&#8221;nin  olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, &#8221;  kontrol sisteminin etkinle\u015ftirilmesi&#8221;, &#8220;kamu oyunun bilgilendirmesi&#8221; ve b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcketiciye g\u00fcven verilmesidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00fcketici ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden  beklenen ise; paranoyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bu  &#8220;sanal E  tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na art\u0131k eee..&#8221; denilmesi ve g\u0131da kontrol sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi talep etmesidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Kaynaklar<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1)   BENFORD, D.2000. The aceptable daily intake-a tool for ensuring  food  safety. ILSI Europe.Brussels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2) BENFORD,D.2002 . Principles of risk assesment of food and drinking water related to human health. ILSI Europe.Brussels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3) JECFA. 1985. Food additives data system.FAO Food and Nurition Paper 30. Rome.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4) ANON.2006.G\u0131da maddelerinde kullan\u0131lan tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar tebli\u011fi(2006\/45). kkgm.gov.tr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(5 )ANON.2007.G\u0131da maddelerinde kullan\u0131lan renklendiriciler tebli\u011fi (2007\/49.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> kkgm.gov.tr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(6) ANON.2008. Renklendirici ve tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u0131da katk\u0131 maddeler  tebli\u011fi<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2008\/22).  kkgm.gov.tr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(7) EK\u015e\u0130,A.2005. Sitrik asit(E330) yerine limon suyu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131. Meyve Suyu, 3(1), 1-2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prof.Dr.Aziz Ek\u015fi Ankara \u00dcniversitesi G\u0131da M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6zet G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131; bir g\u0131daya, belirli bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmesi i\u00e7in ,bilin\u00e7li olarak kat\u0131lan madde grubunun ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re; \u00f6zellikle g\u0131da kalitesinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve raf \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gereklidir. Zarars\u0131zl\u0131k dozlar\u0131 da bilinmekte ve bilinenlere E kodu verilmektedir. T\u00fcketici alg\u0131lamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ise; g\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 gerekli de\u011fildir, herhangi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/806"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=806"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/806\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3178,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/806\/revisions\/3178"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=806"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=806"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}