{"id":776,"date":"2014-10-27T09:27:46","date_gmt":"2014-10-27T06:27:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/?p=776"},"modified":"2021-07-19T11:30:13","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T08:30:13","slug":"turkiyede-tarim-ilaci-sorunu-ve-bu-sorunun-kaynaklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/turkiyede-tarim-ilaci-sorunu-ve-bu-sorunun-kaynaklari\/","title":{"rendered":"The Problem of Pesticides in Turkey and the Sources of This Problem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nafiz Delen<\/em>
\nEge \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Bitki Koruma B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc E. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi<\/em><\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bitkileri hastal\u0131k, zararl\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 otlardan zararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla uygulanan bitki koruma \u00f6nlemleri de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00dclkemizde de bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda en yo\u011fun kullan\u0131lan\u0131 tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (pestisitlerin) yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemlere oranla, daha y\u00fcksek etkililikte olup, daha h\u0131zl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermesi yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc mikotoksin bula\u015fmalar\u0131ndan koruyabilmekte ve bitki geli\u015fiminin iste\u011fe uygun y\u00f6nlendirilebilmesini sa\u011flayabilmektedir. Bu olumlu etkilere kar\u015f\u0131n, kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m bilin\u00e7siz ve kontrols\u00fcz bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lacak olursa, zararl\u0131 organizmalarda duyarl\u0131l\u0131k azal\u0131\u015f\u0131na, \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine, g\u0131dalar\u0131n zehirli kal\u0131nt\u0131lar ile bula\u015fmas\u0131na ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m\u0131nda olumsuzluklara yol a\u00e7ar. Bu sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015famamak i\u00e7in, pestisitlerin bilin\u00e7li, kontroll\u00fc kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi de kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n entegre sava\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne uygun bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, pestisitlerin bilin\u00e7siz ve kontrols\u00fcz kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerini ve entegre sava\u015f\u0131mdaki geli\u015fmeleri inceleyece\u011fimiz bu bildirimizde, \u00f6ncelikle T\u00fcrkiye’de tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 t\u00fcketiminden s\u00f6z etmekte yarar g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de Tar\u0131m \u0130lac\u0131 T\u00fcketimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u0131da Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (GTHB) verilerine g\u00f6re, bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat ve toz k\u00fck\u00fcrt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00dclkemizdeki pestisit t\u00fcketiminin, etkili madde (em) olarak, 1978 \u2013 2004 d\u00f6neminde 8 bin ton ile 14 bin ton d\u00fczeylerinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde hektara d\u00fc\u015fen em ise, 500 g ile 750 g aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcketim, em olarak art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimine girmi\u015ftir. 2006’da 18 bin tonu a\u015fan t\u00fcketim, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda 20 bin tonu ge\u00e7mi\u015f; 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 hari\u00e7 tutulursa, 2010 \u2013 2013 d\u00f6neminde 20 bin tonun \u00fczerinde seyir etmi\u015ftir. Hektara em t\u00fcketimi ise, 2009 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, s\u00fcrekli 1 kg \u00fczerinde olmu\u015ftur.
\nTar\u0131m ilac\u0131 t\u00fcketiminin em olarak son y\u0131llarda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu art\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00fcreticimiz \u00e7o\u011funlukla, bu kimyasallar\u0131n g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00e7evre ve sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddiyetini tam kavram\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Bu nedenle, \u00dclkemizde tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131nda \u00fcreticilerin bilin\u00e7sizlikleri s\u00fcrmektedir.
\n\u00dcretici profili b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fczeyde iken, T\u00fcrkiye’de bitki korumaya, \u00f6zellikle de kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131ma y\u00f6n veren resmi zirai m\u00fccadele kurulu\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda olan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ile kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131ma y\u00f6n veren baz\u0131 uygulamalara da de\u011finmekte yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Resmi Zirai M\u00fccadele Kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/strong><\/p>\n

1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 6968 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile kurulmu\u015f olan Zirai M\u00fccadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1984 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki reorganizasyon ile kapat\u0131ld\u0131; zirai m\u00fccadele konusu ve hizmetleri daire ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeyine indirildi ve iki farkl\u0131 daire ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 2010’da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Veteriner Hizmetleri Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u0131da ve Yem Kanunu (VBGK) ile zirai m\u00fccadelenin iki ayr\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netilmesi de\u011fi\u015fmedi; Bitki Koruma \u00dcr\u00fcnleri ve Aletler ayni ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan daire ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Karantina ise, di\u011fer bir daire ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n idaresi alt\u0131na girdi. Bu geli\u015fmeler sonucu, resmi bitki koruma kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve hizmetleri g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetme s\u00fcrecine girdi.<\/p>\n

Kimyasal Sava\u015f\u0131ma Y\u00f6n Veren Baz\u0131 Resmi Uygulamalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda, GTHB taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye’de kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131ma y\u00f6n veren baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli mevzuat y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. Bu resmi mevzuat k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle de\u011ferlendirilebilir:
\nPestisitlerin ruhsatlanmas\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131larak, tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, orijinal ve emsal preparatlar bi\u00e7iminde, farkl\u0131 iki prosed\u00fcr ile ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ve emsal preparatlar\u0131n orijinal preparatlar kadar derinli\u011fine incelenmemesi, \u00f6nemli sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratabilecek bir durumdur. Ruhsatland\u0131rma a\u015famas\u0131nda, pestisitlerin zararl\u0131 organizmalarda dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k risklerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve bu riske uygun kullan\u0131m talimatlar\u0131n\u0131n verilmemesi de baz\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetli pestisitlerin etkililiklerinin h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Zirai M\u00fccadele Teknik Talimatlar\u0131 (ZMTT) ve baz\u0131 resmi sava\u015f\u0131m \u00f6nerirlinde de sorunlar vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ZMTT’nda kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m \u00f6nerileri yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bunun yerine 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkilerinin hastal\u0131klar\u0131, zararl\u0131lar\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 konusunda 29 kitap\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son zamanlarda eri\u015fimi \u00e7ok zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan bu kitap\u00e7\u0131klarda baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkileri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6nemli kimi hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara da yer verilmemi\u015ftir.
\n1990 \u2013 2012 d\u00f6neminde pestisitlerin maksimum kal\u0131nt\u0131 limit (MRL) de\u011ferleri 5 kez de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu de\u011ferlere uygun olarak em’lerin son ila\u00e7lama \u2013 hasat (bekleme) s\u00fcreleri g\u00fcncellenmemi\u015ftir. Buna ek olarak, baz\u0131 pestisitlerin ayni k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisinde farkl\u0131 zararl\u0131 ya da hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131mlar\u0131nda, farkl\u0131 dozlarda \u00f6nerilmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, bekleme s\u00fcrelerinde uyumsuzluklar g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, \u00fcreticilerin kal\u0131nt\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin (AB) istekleri do\u011frultusunda, alternatifler tam ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen pestisit yasaklamalar\u0131, baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ruhsatl\u0131 kalmamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta, alternatifsiz kalan \u00fcretici ruhsats\u0131z pestisitleri kullanma durumuna girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bitki koruma hizmetlerinde uzmanl\u0131k de\u011ferini kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her ziraat m\u00fchendisi 5 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bitki koruma kursunu ba\u015far\u0131 ile bitirdi\u011finde, tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 \u00f6nerisi verip, re\u00e7ete yazabilmektedir. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan VBGK’na g\u00f6re; bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u015f ve sat\u0131\u015f yerlerinde, ithalat\u0131nda t\u00fcm ziraat m\u00fchendisleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmektedir. Oysa ziraat fak\u00fcltelerinin yaln\u0131zca bitki sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/ bitki koruma b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini bitirenler bitki koruma ile ilgili yo\u011fun bir e\u011fitim almaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de Entegre Sava\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Entegre sava\u015f\u0131m ya da entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi (IPM) dendi\u011fi zaman, en basit tan\u0131m\u0131yla, \u2018tar\u0131msal sava\u015f\u0131mda bilinen t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemlerin olabildi\u011fince bir arada ve dengeli bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131larak, bitkileri etkin \u015fekilde zararl\u0131 organizmalardan korumak, \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olumsuz etkileri en aza indirmek’ anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131m da g\u00f6steriyor ki; IPM’le t\u00fcm sava\u015f\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri olabildi\u011fince bir arada ve dengeli uygulanarak, kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funu azaltmak ve pestisitlerden kaynaklanabilecek sorunlar\u0131 en aza indirmek ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.
\nBu amaca ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in GTHB taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok olumlu ve umut verici ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00dclkemiz i\u00e7in ekonomik \u00f6nemi olan 17 k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisi ile \u00f6rt\u00fc alt\u0131 entegre m\u00fccadele teknik talimatlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve uygulamaya sunulmu\u015ftur. GTHB Entegre M\u00fccadele Program\u0131’na g\u00f6re, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 132 000 ha alanda entegre m\u00fccadele uygulanacakt\u0131r. GTHB’n\u0131n 2013’de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Stratejik Plan 2013 \u2013 2017′ ye g\u00f6re, \u2018entegre m\u00fccadele yap\u0131lan alan\u0131n toplam \u00fcr\u00fcn alan\u0131na oran\u0131 2012’de %42 iken, bu oran\u0131n 2017’de %50 olmas\u0131 planlanmaktad\u0131r’.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Her ne kadar IPM konusunda \u00e7ok olumlu ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmaktaysa da, gerek \u00fcreticimizin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn bilin\u00e7sizli\u011fi, gerek resmi bitki koruma yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle bitki koruma kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve hizmetlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetme s\u00fcrecine girmesi ve gerekse kimi yetersiz mevzuat \u00fclkemizde pestisitlerin sorun olarak g\u00fcndemde kalmas\u0131na ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fimizi etkilemesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin AB’nin Yiyecekler ve Yemler \u0130\u00e7in H\u0131zl\u0131 Alam Sistemi (HAS) Y\u0131ll\u0131k Raporlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye’nin son 12 y\u0131lda AB \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde uygun bulunmayan en fazla partiye sahip 3 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu uygunsuzlu\u011fun en ba\u015fta gelen 2 nedeni, bitki korumayla ili\u015fkili olan, g\u0131dalardaki mikotoksin bula\u015fmalar\u0131 ve pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Yine HAS verileri incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye’den AB \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilen bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Not : Bildiri, ‘\u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Koordinat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, T.C. G\u0131da Tar\u0131m Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00c7anakkale Ziraat Odas\u0131 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Deste\u011fi ile 22 – 28 A\u011fustos 2014’de \u00c7anakkale’de d\u00fczenlenen D\u00fcnden Yar\u0131na Entegre M\u00fccadele \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131’nda sunulmu\u015f olup, bildiri kitab\u0131 bas\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nafiz Delen Ege \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Bitki Koruma B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc E. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi Giri\u015f Bitkileri hastal\u0131k, zararl\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 otlardan zararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla uygulanan bitki koruma \u00f6nlemleri de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00dclkemizde de bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda en yo\u011fun kullan\u0131lan\u0131 tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (pestisitlerin) yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kimyasal sava\u015f\u0131m di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemlere […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/776"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=776"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/776\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":778,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/776\/revisions\/778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=776"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=776"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=776"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}