{"id":1198,"date":"2010-01-18T16:17:50","date_gmt":"2010-01-18T13:17:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/?p=1198"},"modified":"2021-07-19T11:40:18","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T08:40:18","slug":"su-kalitesinin-gida-guvenligi-ve-insan-sagligina-etkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/su-kalitesinin-gida-guvenligi-ve-insan-sagligina-etkisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect of Water Quality on Food Safety and Human Health"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Birce Mercano\u011flu Taban<\/em><\/p>\n

Gazi \u00dcniversitesi, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Meslek Y\u00fcksekokulu, 06830, G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131, Ankara<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile artan insan n\u00fcfusu ve ya\u015fama standard\u0131, teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan rahatl\u0131k getirmi\u015f olmakla beraber, su kirlili\u011fi gibi d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 ya\u015fanmaz duruma getirebilecek bir tehlikenin de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular\u0131n yeterli ar\u0131t\u0131m i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan do\u011faya b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve bu kirli sular\u0131n gerek tar\u0131msal arazilerinin sulanmas\u0131nda gerekse g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisinde bilin\u00e7sizce kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden bir\u00e7ok g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu da su kalitesinin, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkisinin \u00f6nemini g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

While economic growth accompanied by increased standard of life and population brought along technological advancements, it also triggered water pollution, a hazard which may turn our Earth into an uninhabitable planet. In developing countries, discharge of residential and industrial waste water into nature without proper treatment processes and haphazard use of polluted water in agricultural irrigation as well as in food industry, led the way to many foodborne diseases which threaten human health. This proves the vitality of water quality for food safety and human health.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e <\/span><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile beraber insan n\u00fcfusu, \u015fehirle\u015fme ve gelir seviyesi art\u0131\u015f\u0131, insanlar\u0131n daha besleyici ve g\u00fcvenilir g\u0131dalar\u0131 talep etmelerine ve g\u0131da t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Cranfield 1998; Lin et al., 2009). Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u0131da \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rken, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve teknolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 nedenler de su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kirlenmesine ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli suyun, tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve g\u0131da \u00fcretim zincirinin \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi risk art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir (Jawahar and Ringler, 2009; Lin et al., 2009).D\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu su s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmekte olan ve su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan \u00fclkelerde evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular, kanalizasyon sular\u0131 ve drenaj sular\u0131 gibi kirli sular\u0131n herhangi bir ar\u0131t\u0131m i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan do\u011faya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, tar\u0131msal ve end\u00fcstriyel ama\u00e7lar ile kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, su kaynaklar\u0131 potansiyelinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve g\u00fcvenilir g\u0131da temini ve t\u00fcketimine y\u00f6nelik problemleri de derinle\u015ftirmektedir. \u0130\u015flem g\u00f6rmeden taze t\u00fcketilebilir, kolay temin edilebilir ve ucuz olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 t\u00fcketici tercihinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu taze meyve ve ye\u015fil yaprakl\u0131 sebzeler, di\u011fer g\u0131dalara g\u00f6re, gerek yeti\u015ftirildikleri arazide kullan\u0131lan sulama sular\u0131n\u0131n gerekse g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisinde y\u0131kama, so\u011futma ve i\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sular\u0131n kalitesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak do\u011frudan su kaynakl\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131ya daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131rlar (Barker-Reid et al., 2009; Jawahar and Ringler, 2009). Bu da, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden kirlilik \u00f6\u011felerini ta\u015f\u0131ma riski y\u00fcksek olan bu g\u0131dalar\u0131n t\u00fcketilmeleri sonucu g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (<\/span>Wahlquist,<\/a> 2009). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u00fckselen g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi standartlar\u0131 ve ticaret ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00fclkelerin g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki konumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmektedir. Bununla beraber, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde su kalitesine ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi riskleri, gerek ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin eksikli\u011fi veya yetersiz olu\u015fu gerekse su kalitesi ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hakk\u0131nda yeterli veri ve bilgiye sahip olunmamas\u0131 sonucu, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6rlerinin, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve g\u0131da ticaretindeki h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye paralel olarak, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir etkin bir su y\u00f6netiminin olmamas\u0131, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi risklerinin k\u00fcresel olarak yay\u0131l\u0131m potansiyelini de artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (Crohn and Bianchi, 2008; Jawahar and Ringler, 2009). Su Kalitesi ve G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile \u0130li\u015fkisi Su kalitesi, suyun tad\u0131, kokusu ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc gibi ki\u015fisel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturan parametrelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, su kullan\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na uygunluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan su kaynaklar\u0131ndan beklenen fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik kriterler ile tan\u0131mlanan ve su kirlili\u011fi ile do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili olan bir kavramd\u0131r. Su kirlili\u011fi, su kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kimyasal, fiziksel, bakteriyolojik, radyoaktif ve ekolojik \u00f6zelliklerinin olumsuz y\u00f6nde de\u011fi\u015fmesi \u015feklinde g\u00f6zlenen ve do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 yoldan biyolojik kaynaklarda, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta, su kalitesinde ve suyun di\u011fer ama\u00e7lar ile kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda engelleyici bozulmalar yaratacak madde veya enerji at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sulara bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r (Su Kirlili\u011fi Kontrol\u00fc Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi, 2004). G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ise, g\u0131dalarda olabilecek fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zararlar\u0131n bertaraf edilmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan t\u00fcm tedbirleri i\u00e7eren ve g\u0131dalar\u0131n hasat, haz\u0131rlama, i\u015fleme, \u00fcretim, ambalajlama, depolama, ta\u015f\u0131ma, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve pazarlamalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygulanmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir kavramd\u0131r (G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Kalitesinin Denetimi ve Kontrol\u00fcne dair Y\u00f6netmelik, 2008).<\/span><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde h\u0131zl\u0131 gelir b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artan insan n\u00fcfusu ve \u015fehirle\u015ftirme gibi sosyo-ekonomik etkenlere dayanan g\u0131da t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgili de\u011fi\u015fiklikler s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, zirai m\u00fccadele ve g\u00fcbre uygulamalar\u0131 ile nitelendirilen tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim sistemlerinin ve g\u0131da \u00fcretim teknolojilerinin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimine katk\u0131da bulunurken, bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kirlenmesine ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gerek tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gerekse g\u0131da \u00fcretim zincirinin \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan suyun kalitesine etki ederek, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ili\u015fkinin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesine yol a\u00e7abilmektedir (Jawahar and Ringler, 2009).<\/p>\n

Su kalitesi ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki bu ili\u015fki, \u015eekil 1’de g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1. Su kalitesi ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki\u00dclkemizde G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Kalitesinin Denetimi ve Kontrol\u00fcne dair Y\u00f6netmelik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde g\u0131dalar, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zararl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcketime uygun olmamas\u0131 durumlar\u0131nda g\u00fcvenli say\u0131lmamakta ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrk g\u0131da mevzuat\u0131na uygun olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasaya arz edilememektedirler.Sulama ve G\u0131da \u00dcretim Zincirinde Kullan\u0131lan Sular ve G\u00fcvenlik RiskleriKimi g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n temel nedeninin, gerek tar\u0131msal sulama gerekse hasat sonras\u0131 i\u015fleme ve \u00fcretim s\u0131ras\u0131nda bilin\u00e7li ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 su y\u00f6netimi politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan kirli su kullan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir (WHO, 2002). Tar\u0131msal ve end\u00fcstriyel ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan su kalitesinin, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde ekonomik maliyetinin olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu bilinmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, bu konudaki t\u00fcm verilerin yaln\u0131zca geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden al\u0131nabilmesi nedeni ile kirli suyun kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayal\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00fcresel s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edebilmek de \u00e7ok zor olmaktad\u0131r. Tar\u0131msal arazide yeti\u015ftirilen g\u0131dalar, ya evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular\u0131n veya y\u00fcksek verim al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kimyasal ajanlar (pestisit, herbisit ve hormon) ve g\u00fcbre ile a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitrat uygulamalar\u0131 sonucu kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n kirletti\u011fi y\u00fczey ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n sulama ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015fan kimyasal kal\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n ve mikrobiyel y\u00fck\u00fcn hatal\u0131 sulama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7ilmesi sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcne bula\u015fmas\u0131 ile insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan risk olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (Crohn and Bianchi, 2008; Jawahar and Ringler, 2009). 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ve Finlandiya’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan 57 adet S. Typhimurium DT104 enfeksiyonunun, at\u0131ksular ile sulanan ve \u0130spanya’dan ithal edilen marullar\u0131n t\u00fcketilmesi sonucu g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Takkinen et al., 2005). 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin 26 farkl\u0131 eyaletinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, 3 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve 205 ki\u015finin a\u011f\u0131r hasta olarak hastanede tedavi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Escherichia coli O157:H7 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, hayvan d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131 ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczey sular\u0131 ile sulanan \u0131spanaklar\u0131n t\u00fcketilmesinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir (Jay et al, 2007). Japonya’da bir maden end\u00fcstrisinin at\u0131k materyalinin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nehrin sular\u0131 ile sulanan pirin\u00e7 tarlalar\u0131ndaki \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketen insanlarda kadmiyum zehirlenmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kemik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve b\u00f6brek bozukluklar\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (WHO, 2006). 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Banglade\u015f’te yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sular\u0131n, gerek tar\u0131msal arazilerde sulama suyu gerekse g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisinde y\u0131kama suyu olarak kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan y\u00fczlerce arsenik zehirlenmesi vakas\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Alam et al., 2003). Marshall et al. (2003), Hindistan’\u0131n Delhi \u015fehrindeki tar\u0131msal arazilerde yeti\u015ftirilen sebzelerde, kirli sularla sulanmalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00fcksek seviyelerde kur\u015fun bula\u015f\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirlemi\u015flerdir (Jawahar and Ringler, 2009). \u00c7in’de hi\u00e7bir i\u015fleme tabi tutulmayan at\u0131k sular ile sulanan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketen insanlarda karaci\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve kanser olu\u015fumu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (WHO, 2006). 1990-1993 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin 4 farkl\u0131 eyaletinde g\u00f6zlenen salmonellozis salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, hasat edilen domateslerin ambalajlanma \u00f6ncesi bula\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7eren su ile y\u0131kanmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir (Jawahar and Ringler, 2009). Bu verilerin say\u0131s\u0131, ba\u015fka \u00f6rneklerle de artt\u0131r\u0131labilmekte ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sulama suyu kalitesinin do\u011frudan g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkisini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.\u00dclkemizde yaln\u0131zca sulama suyunun k\u0131t oldu\u011fu ve ekonomik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6relerde, Su Kirlili\u011fi Kontrol\u00fc Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi Teknik Usuller Tebli\u011fi’nde<\/span>[1]<\/a> verilen sulama suyu kalite kriterlerini sa\u011flayacak derecede ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f at\u0131k sular\u0131n, sulama suyu olarak tar\u0131msal arazilerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmektedir.KAYNAKLAR<\/span>Alam, M. G. M.; Snow, E. T.; Tanaka, A. 2003 Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of rice, pulses and vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh<\/a>
\nArsenic Exposure and Health Effects V: 103-114.<\/span> Barker-Reid, F<\/a>.; Harapas, D<\/a>.; Engleitner, S<\/a>.; Kreidl, S<\/a>.; Holmes, R<\/a>.; and Faggian, R<\/a>. 2009 Persistence of Escherichia coli on injured iceberg lettuce in the field, overhead irrigated with contaminated water, Journal of Food Protection 72: 458-464.<\/span>Cranfield, J. A.; Hertel, T.; Eales, J.; and Preckel, P. 1998 Changes in the structure of global food demand, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80: 1042-1050.<\/span>Crohn, D. M.; and Bianchi, M. L. 2008 Research priorities for coordinating management of food safety and water quality, Journal of Environmental Quality 37:1411-1418.<\/span>G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Kalitesinin Denetimi ve Kontrol\u00fcne dair Y\u00f6netmelik, <\/span>26 Eyl\u00fcl 2008 tarih ve 27009 say\u0131l\u0131 T. C. Resmi Gazete.<\/span>Jay, M. T.; Cooley, M.; Carychao, D.; Wiscomb, G. W.; Sweitzer, R. A.; Crawford-Miksza, L.; Farrar, J. A.; Lau, D. K.; O’Connell, J.; Millington, A.; Asmundson, R. V.; Atwill, E. R.; and Mandrell, R. E. 2007 Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central California coast, Emerging Infectious Disease 13: 1908-1911.<\/span>Jawahar, P.; and Ringler, C. 2009 Water quality and food safety: a review and discussion of risks, Water Policy 11: 680-695.<\/span>Lin, A.Y.C<\/a>.; Huang, S. T. Y<\/a>.; and Wahlquist, M. L<\/a>. 2009 Waste management to improve food safety and security for health advancement, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 18: 538-545.<\/span>Su Kirlili\u011fi Kontrol\u00fc Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi, 31 Aral\u0131k 2004 tarih ve 25687 say\u0131l\u0131 T. C. Resmi Gazete.<\/span>Takkinen, J.; Nakari, U. M.; Johansson, T.; Niskanen, T.; Siitonen, A.; and Kuusi, M. A. 2005 Nationwide outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium in Finland due to contaminated lettuce from Spain, May 2005, <\/a>Eurosurveillance 10: E050630.1.<\/span>Wahlquist, A. K<\/a>. 2009 Water and its role in food and health security-the importance of water to food production, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 18: 501-506.<\/span>World Health Organization (WHO). 2002 Food safety and foodborne illness, WHO, Geneva, Fact Sheet No 237.<\/span><\/p>\n

World Health Organization (WHO). 2006 Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Vol. 2: Wastewater use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva. (http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/wastewater\/wwuvol<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> At\u0131k sular\u0131n sulamaya uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki parametrelerin incelenmesi gerekmektedir: – Suyun i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddelerin toplam deri\u015fimi ve elektriksel iletkenli\u011fi, – Sodyum iyonu deri\u015fimi ve sodyum iyonu deri\u015fiminin di\u011fer katyonlara oran\u0131, – Bor, a\u011f\u0131r metal ve toksik olabilecek di\u011fer maddelerin deri\u015fimi, – Baz\u0131 \u015fartlarda Ca++ ve Mg++ iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam deri\u015fimi, – Toplam kat\u0131 madde, organik madde y\u00fck\u00fc ve ya\u011f gres gibi y\u00fczen maddelerin miktar\u0131 ve – Patojen organizmalar\u0131n miktar\u0131 <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Birce Mercano\u011flu Taban Gazi \u00dcniversitesi, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Meslek Y\u00fcksekokulu, 06830, G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131, Ankara G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile artan insan n\u00fcfusu ve ya\u015fama standard\u0131, teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan rahatl\u0131k getirmi\u015f olmakla beraber, su kirlili\u011fi gibi d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 ya\u015fanmaz duruma getirebilecek bir tehlikenin de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular\u0131n yeterli ar\u0131t\u0131m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1198"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1198"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3187,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1198\/revisions\/3187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ggd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}